What Chemicals Are in Thermal Paper Coating

Thermal paper has become a ubiquitous part of modern life, appearing in receipts, tickets, labels, and point-of-sale systems worldwide. However, growing attention to health, safety, and environmental compliance has sparked questions about its chemical composition. Specifically, many are asking: What chemicals are in thermal paper coating, and are they safe for daily use?

The unique functionality of thermal paper relies on a heat-sensitive coating that reacts to the printer’s thermal head to produce images or text without the need for ink. Historically, this coating has often included bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical known for its role in plastics and epoxy resins. BPA acts as a developer in the thermal reaction, enabling the paper to change color when heated. However, research has raised concerns about BPA’s potential endocrine-disrupting effects, particularly with frequent or prolonged exposure through skin contact.

In response, many manufacturers have transitioned to bisphenol S (BPS) as an alternative, marketed as a safer substitute. BPS functions similarly to BPA in thermal reactions, yet studies indicate that it may share some of the same hormonal activity concerns. Beyond bisphenols, thermal paper coatings often contain color developers, stabilizers, and resin layers that protect the print from moisture, fading, and abrasion. Some formulations also include UV blockers or antioxidants to prolong print longevity.

Regulatory authorities in Europe, the U.S., and other regions have increasingly scrutinized these chemicals. For example, the European Union has restricted BPA in thermal paper under the REACH regulation, prompting manufacturers to explore non-bisphenol alternatives, including vitamin C–based or phenol-free coatings. Meanwhile, occupational safety standards advise workers who handle large volumes of thermal receipts—such as cashiers—to wash hands regularly and minimize direct skin contact.

The evolving chemical landscape reflects broader concerns over consumer safety, workplace health, and environmental impact. Businesses that handle thermal paper daily are encouraged to stay informed about supplier materials, explore BPA- or BPS-free options, and adopt digital receipt solutions where possible to reduce exposure.

In conclusion, thermal paper coatings are composed of a combination of developers, stabilizers, and protective layers, with bisphenols historically dominating as the key chemical component. Awareness of these substances and adherence to safety guidelines are essential for health-conscious consumers, workplace safety managers, and regulators aiming to balance convenience, compliance, and sustainability in everyday transactions.